Unreliable Narration in The Moonlit Road and In a Grove - Literature Essay Samples

Both The Moonlit Road and In a Grove are murder mysteries that confront the reader with the question of truth in storytelling. The texts present the reader with several first person testimonies of a crime, or the witness involvement in it, but give it no definite solution. No one is found guilty and hung; the reader has to decide, given the testimonies and his/her own reason, what happened in the Hetmans estate and in the grove off the Yamashina stage road. Both texts challenge the reader to construct a definite story from several narratives of questionable reliability. Both texts approach narrative with suspicion; it is a form of communication not to be trusted since it relies on narrators who can never be completely objective or disinterested. Each text presents only one relatively reliable narrator – Joel Hetman Jr. in The Moonlit Road and the woodcutter in In a Grove. The rest of the narrators are not to be trusted. In The Moonlit Road the reader needs to rely on the stat ements of Casper Grattan, a man with no past, and of a ghost that does not think or feel like a human being any more. In In a Grove the reader realizes that each witness has a connection to the crime and therefore has an interest which prevents him/her from being objective. The priest shows too much interest in a woman for a holy man, the policeman classifies Tajomaru as a criminal in the beginning of his testimony, Masagos mother is trying to paint a certain picture of her daughter, and the wife, husband and rapist have their own interest in shaping their narratives. The texts see narrative as a form of communication which changes the facts it wishes to present and its reliability according to its medium. Thus in The Moonlit Road the reader is directed to assume that some mans violent dreams are Joel Hetman Sr.s version of the night of his wifes murder, and a medium is assumed to bring the statement of Julia Hetman. These mediums are far from being reliable and natural, and therefo re the reader cannot determine which part of these statements belongs to the natural world and which part belongs to the supernatural world. In In a Grove the reader encounters the same problem: Tajomaros confession might be somewhat forced, Masagos confession is given in a moment of emotional distress and the husband is talking from the other world, through a medium and even pardons Tajomaro. Again, the mediums are not reliable and the reader cannot determine which part of each testimony can be true. In a Grove also argues that narratives change according to social values and conventions: the wife, husband and rapist shape their testimonies in a way that they will still seem honorable to society after the act of shame, the rape. The truth, at this point, is lost and its place taken by the social conventions of honor. Since the texts are presented in a form of a police investigation or a court trail, the reader assumes that the truth must be hidden somewhere inside or between the te stimonies of the witnesses. In most investigations or trails the reader receives a definite solution to the crime, but Bierce and Akutagawa offer no such solution. As the testimonies and the witnesses are so unreliable, no definite story can be reconstructed from the narratives. The reader must sift through the testimonies again and again in order to make his or her own conclusion – just as in real life. Learning the truth in the world outside of literature can be as difficult as finding out what happened in the Hetmans estate and what happened in the grove off the Yamashina stage road. Up to this point, it seems that both The Moonlit Road and In a Grove are similar: they present a crime, offer first person testimonies of changing reliability, and leave the reader to try and solve the unsolvable mystery. Yet while Akutagawa relates to natural occurrences alone, Bierce adds the supernatural dimension, thus diminishing some of the readers doubts and uncertainties about statemen ts and narratives which he/she encounters in real life, and their lack of reliability. In The Moonlit Road the information regarding Julia Hetmans murder, missing from the discourse and the story itself, is explained by the contradicting statements of the unreliable narrators Casper Grattan and the dead Julia Hetman. Both of them are presented as unreliable narrators: Casper Grattan is a man who cannot remember his past, who walked one day out of a forest and is haunted by violent dreams – in another context he could be taken for a mentally ill person, who is by no means reliable. Julia Hetman is no longer a person, and her entire speech conveys the unbridgeable difference between her existence and the human existence, this gap may create misunderstandings and misconceptions in the readers understanding of her world. Moreover, the medium Bayrolles through whom she is speaking is not necessarily the most reliable person either. Although these factors create unreliable narrato rs and present an unreachable objective story, in my opinion, they are less likely to influence the readers view about the narratives in the world outside literature. The causes of unreliability in The Moonlit Road are based in the supernatural realm. Adding to that, the story of Joel Hetman Sr.s disappearance that is told by both the ghost and Casper Grattan in a rather similar way. The limited and supernaturally explained unreliability has less and less connection to the world outside of literature and thus less and less connection to the readers views of narratives of this world. This stands in complete opposite to In a Grove. Though the Japanese medieval world is no close to todays reader or to the 1921 (the year In a Grove was published) reader, it is still a natural world that adheres to the readers understanding. Each cause for a narrators unreliability can be found in the world outside of literature – sexual attraction, bias, the will to hide the truth, social convent ions, etc., thus shaking the readers understanding of truth and narratives. â€Å"In a Grove describes a world that makes the reader question the idea of truth in narration far more than The Moonlit Road, which resorts to the supernatural solution. That is the main difference between the texts – while neither offers a solution to the crime they present, one offers a comforting view as to the problem of conflicting narratives and no final truth, and the other confronts the reader with a never-ending conflict which stems from the problematic human nature.

Kiki Kannibal The Girl Who Played With Fire - 1666 Words

The story of fourteen year old, Kirsten Ostrenga, is told by Sabrina Rubin Erdely in â€Å"Kiki Kannibal: The Girl Who Played With Fire.† Kirsten was a young teenager, who entered the world that lies within the internet seeking an escape from her lonely life in Coral Springs, Florida. Her online persona, Kiki Kannibal, an audacious and wild tennager, gained a lot of attention for her rather provocative and bold posts. Her life was quickly in shambles. Kiki received threats, sexual messages, and was a victim of sexual assault that ended in a traumatic death. Erdely chose to depict Kiki as a helpless victim of the cruel, online world who had no control over the alarming situation she found herself in. Erdely states that Kirsten was just your†¦show more content†¦But her two worlds had veered into each other and were now spinning way beyond her control. The investigation into her rape was unfolding amid the nonstop noise of her growing fan base and intensifying backlash. Because while Kirsten Ostrenga’s life was falling apart, Kiki Kannibal continued posting as though nothing had happened† (Erdely). Not only does she state that Kirsten’s two worlds were colliding and it was out of her control, but she does so in a way so that her readers are able to note a distinction between Kirsten’s two personas. It is as if Kiki was not an extension of Kirsten, but more so a separate being. While the two persona’s were very different, they were still embodied by the same fouteen year old. Somehow though, Kiki was able to keep her two persona’s separate in her mind and used Kiki as an escape to her reality. In a way she was a separate being, making me question why Erdely did not choose to look into the mental health of Kirsten. Dissociative identity disorder is a mental health disorder in which a person has two or more distinct personalities, which one could argue was the case with Kirsten. Erdely articulates that Kirsten’s world was falling apart, but Kiki acted as nothing happened and to say the least, as a parent you should find that worrying. Erdely compares Kiki’s online persona to a famous character from a novel of a young girl, Dolores, who was involved with her stepfather and his private nickname for her was Lolita.Show MoreRelatedStrategies For Preventing Misuse : The Girl Who Played With Fire1098 Words   |  5 PagesMisuse Due to lack of prudence Kristen â€Å"Kiki† Ostrenga was very lenient with her posts and the people she talked to when it came to her online persona as â€Å"Kiki Kannibal†. With the intention to use the internet to receive attention a vast amount of problems were created for her and her family. Kiki Kannibal received the attention she wanted from fans and also negative attention from other profiles and bullies. In â€Å"Kiki Kannibal: The Girl Who Played with Fire† Sabrina Rubin Erdely demonstrates theRead MoreVisible M Ethics And The New Genetics1805 Words   |  8 Pagesvideos on MySpace. Also, interacting with the people who took notice of her contents. This would of only been possible do to her online persona as â€Å"Kiki Kannibal†. With the intention to use the Internet to receive the attention a vast amount of problems were created for her and her family. Kiki Kannibal received the attention she wanted from fans, but also negative attention from other profiles and bullies. In â€Å"Kiki Kannibal: The Girl Who Played with Fire† Sabrina Rubin Erderly demonstrates the undesired

Market Structures - 4108 Words

RUNNING HEAD: MARKET STRUCTURES Market Structures University of Phoenix Market Structures In this paper, we will discuss the four market structures of Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Pure Competition. We have identified four companies that operate in each of these market structures: Salt River Project, The Coca Cola Company, Russ s Market, and Columbia House. In each market structure we will describe the pricing and non-pricing strategies of the companies operating in that market. We will also examine Quasar, a notebook computer company. They entered the market with a new product and we will explain the progress from one market segment to the next as the lifecycle of the product changes and the number of†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the oligopolistic firm has little to gain from utilizing pricing strategies that results in rigid or inflexible prices. Oligopolistic firms rely on non-pricing strategies of competition such as advertising, product differentiation, and barriers to entry. The goal for oligopolies is to increase market share while keeping price constant. The Coca-Cola Company is the global leader for carbonated soft drinks (Carbonated Soft Drinks Industry Profile: United States, 2005). In 2004, Coca-Cola had a 44% volume of the U.S. market, PepsiCo, Inc. had a 31.1% share, Cadbury Schweppes p/c had 15.2% (Carbonated Soft Drinks Industry Profile: United States, 2005). The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, Inc. and Cadbury Schweppes p/c hold 90.3% market share of carbonated soft drink (CSD) sales in the U.S. while private label brands have only 0.4% share of the market (Carbonated Soft Drinks Industry Profile: United States, 2005). The Coca-Cola Company, Inc. exhibits oligopolistic characteristics whereby it is the largest of three oligopolistic CSD companies in the U.S. market, offers differentiated carbonated soft drink products, controls price with mutual interdependence, limits barriers to entry by significant brand recognition and trademarks and has a high concentration ratio of 44%. Pricing strategies for Coca-Cola and the other CSD oligopoly firms, as stated above,Show MoreRelatedMarket Structure Of The Company Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structure Introduction There are four types of market structures and they are monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. What is a market structure? A market structure is â€Å"the makeup of the companies operating in a particular market.† Why is the market structure important to the producer as well as the consumer? It distinguishes the difference in seller numbers, buyer numbers, seller entry barriers, and buyer entry barriers. The main differences in market structuresRead MorePerfect Competition : A Market Structure1942 Words   |  8 PagesWhen trying to top look for a market structure to fit your needs a person should start with perfect completion, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. These four market structure are used by business to aid the businesses in producing and selling products. Perfect competition is described as a market structure that has many sellers and buyers that produce the same product and they are allowed to leave and exit the in dustry at any time. Free entry and free exit is a crucial characteristicRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures Yvonne C Rivera ECO/365 May 16, 2013 Paul de la Pena Abstract There are many TV service providers available in the U.S; however there are only two companies that offer services via satellite. Dish operates within the monopolistic competition market. Dish has been in business since the early 1980’s and has gradually worked its way up to become one of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to overRead MoreMarket Structure Of An Economics Perspective Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Market structure from an economics perspective is defined as the characteristics of the market that impacts the behavior or way firms operate, which economists use to determine the nature of competition, and pricing tactics of businesses in the market. Within a market, the market structures are distinguished by key features, including the number of sellers, homogeneous or differentiated goods or services produced, pricing power, level of competition, barriers to entering or exit theRead MoreThe Impact of the Internet on Market Structure8084 Words   |  33 PagesTHE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON MARKET STRUCTURE Bruno Cassiman** Sandra Sieber** RESEARCH PAPER No 467BIS July, 2002 * Professor of General Management, IESE ** Professor of Information Systems, IESE Research Division IESE University of Navarra Av. Pearson, 21 08034 Barcelona - Spain Copyright  © 2002, IESE Do not quote or reproduce without permission The PwCIESE e-business Center is a joint initiative of IESE Business School and the professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopersRead More The Main Categories of Market Structures Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesCategories of Market Structures Recent industry analyses typically have strong relation with economic theories. There is a theory, belongs to microeconomics, divides industries into categories according t the degree of competition that exists between the firms within the industry, i.e. the theory of Alternative Market Structures. This essay based on three questions divides into 3 parts to explain and evaluate the questions. This essay (PART A) outlines the main categories of market structuresRead MoreThe Market Structures Of A Market Structure962 Words   |  4 Pagesfour market structures that function in the worldwide market. Each of these market structures correlates with one another to create the demand and supply of the market. However, these market structures have some unique traits that no other theory can have alike. Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structuresRead MoreMarket Structure And Functions Of The World Economy1832 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment Student name : - Md Mokshed Hasan Student id : - 614181 Part one: - Market structure and functions Q1,a) Financial markets:- It’s a marketplace where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets like equities, binds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets are well-defined by having transparent pricing, rudimentary regulation on trading, cost and fees and market forces determining the pieces of stocks trade. Its participants need to fulfil some of certainRead MoreMarket Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler1526 Words   |  7 Pagesequity when their market values are high, relative to book and past market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting effects on capital structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. The results suggest the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. Introduction â€Å"Equity market timing† refersRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Market Structures1779 Words   |  8 Pagesmayor to look at various market structures. I plan to provide excellent information and answer all the questions that will help the mayor understand the market structures of many of the businesses in his city. According to Arthur Levitt, the tension between centrality, on the one hand, and competition, on the other, is probably the oldest of all market structure issues (Levitt, n.d.). Market structures are being used daily to help foster companies. Describe each market structure discussed in the course

Organisational Change Management Change Process in the Multilevel

Question: Define the Organisational Change Management for Change Process in the Multilevel. Answer: Methodology: While analysing the research methodology for the current study, it has been observed that the scholar of this paper has not been focused on the theoretical development of the study. The scholar has elaborately described the organisational readiness for change process in the multilevel. As per the opinion of Cole et al. (2006), proper data collection process and data analysis with sampling technique are highly required to draw a conclusion of a study. In this present context, the author of this paper has not critically discussed the proper methodology, which is one of the major drawbacks of this current study. Additionally, the theory-based discussion is not sufficient to promote an unbiased outcome. Thus, the perception of the author is not judgmentally satisfied with the proper methodology. In the opinion of Suwaryo et al. (2016), drawing a motivation theory and the social cognitive theory used in the study has helped to suggest several conditions and circumstances to promote the or ganisational readiness for the change process. Although, implementation of the descriptive research design and deductive research approach is essential to employ in this type of study to achieve a successful research outcome (Weiner et al. 2008). Therefore, deficiency of the usage of justified research methodology has minimised the research efficacy. On the other hand, evidence-based practices and implementation of the proper tools at the time data presentation is required to coordinate all the collected data (Chanyagorn Kungwannarongkun, 2011). This could give a degree of interdependence in the change process to find out the ultimate result of the research. Hence, it could be inferred that the author of this paper has to incorporate a suitable research methodology and an appropriate data analysis process to find out a rational outcome of this current study. Argument: The current article has successfully discussed the factors influencing the organisational readiness for the change process. The description regarding the multilevel and multifaceted construct for the organisational readiness is also transparent to the readers. The researcher has done a smart work regarding how the shared belief and collective capacity of the workforce could increase the overall change efficacy of the organisation. On the other hand, past literature in the change process indicates that a descriptive case study analysis could provide better understanding regarding the organisational commitment to implement the change process (Weiner et al. 2008). This scenario is found contradictory with the current study, where the author has tried to put own views rather than analysing past literature on the similar topic. A descriptive literature review could have given the better outcome of the current study. Otherwise, the change efficacy of the firm affected by the contextual fac tors and the change in the valences has been clearly described by the current researcher. The overall argument placed by the researcher in the present study can be considered average. Conclusion/Findings: After analysing the current topic regarding A theory of organisational readiness for change, it has been identified that the author of this paper has failed to develop a theory of its determinant factors and associated outcomes. Adding to this, much more emphasis on the literature of the topic has destroyed the conceptual definition of the organisational readiness. The author has successfully elevated the psychological state of the organisational members towards the implementation of the organisational change. Although, it is not well enough sufficient to draw a final conclusion. The article has made more contribution for making more theory-based discussion regarding the current situation, whereas, lack of focus in research methodology, data analysis and literature review has made the conclusion of the study more uncertain. Thus, it could be depicted that the author has with an emphasis on the empirical inquiry to find out a suitable solution for the current research. Change commitment would be the suitable implications for the managers to implement the change process successfully within the organisation. The employees often appreciate the participative and the leadership development structure (Weiner et al. 2008). The change process often extracts the employees out of the comfort working zone, which creates a adverse impact on the overall performance. Therefore, the employers require showcase a commitment towards the employees, which would increase the motivational aspects. The enthusiasm amongst the staffs would allow the management to introduce the change successfully within the work culture. Change efficacy is another practical implication that can influence the employees to present a positive behaviour towards the change process. Cole et al. (2006) mentioned that employees might require a persistent training session to adopt the change process with efficacy. The staffs often get used to with an existing work culture; the change initiatives often brings a change in the roles, responsibilities and the operational measures (Demiris et al. 2007). Thus, in the majority of the times, the employees fail to deliver the project within the speculated time span. Thus, the training measures need to be implemented to train the staffs to understand the right procedure of the new operational process. Moreover, the cooperative behaviour would be an effective initiative to motivate the employees. During the change process, the employees have a high tendency of creating mistakes. Thus, the impulsive reaction often leads to demotivate the employees, which impact on the employee retention ratio. Strengths: The current article attempts conceptually to define the organisational readiness for any of the change practices. In the present article, the scholar has evaluated useful theories and practical frameworks to justify the journal content. Indifferent past proven facts and data have been discussed in the present journal to showcase the significance of the employer commitment towards its employees. The article emphasises the importance of the employees motivation to experience a better reaction in the organisational change process. The author in the present journal is enabled to understand the beneficial measures that motivate the employees to sustain the change process. According to Holt et al. (2007), the employees mainly present a reluctant attitude towards the change process due to a sudden shift in the responsibilities and the operational measures. Therefore, adequate provision of the employee benefits enacts to be a driving force to influence the employees to participate equally in the organisational change process. The scholar has used the valence change framework to execute the accurate initiatives that can increase the positive reaction of the employees with regards to the change management process. Despite several shortcomings, the writer has executed the personal perception with accurate details, which helped the readers to get acquainted with the subject matter of the journal. Weaknesses: The researcher has conducted secondary analysis for inferring on the current research. However, the evaluation of the organisational readiness for the change process requires primary data analysis, as it helps to gather quantitative and qualitative measure regarding the study (Fallman, 2008). The lack of adequate data analysis is one of the major weaknesses of the current study. On the other hand, the theory and its implementation part have been found reliable, while the practical application is found inappropriate. Thus, the outcome of the study is not strong enough to make a clear understanding regarding the topic. Reference: Chanyagorn, P., Kungwannarongkun, B. (2011). ICT readiness assessment model for public and private organizations in developing country. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 4(1), 99106. Cole, M. S., Harris, S. G., Bernerth, J. B. (2006). Exploring the implications of vision, appropriateness, and execution of organizational change. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 27(5), 352367 Cole, M. S., Harris, S. G., Bernerth, J. B. (2006). Exploring the implications of vision, appropriateness, and execution of organizational change. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 27(5), 352367. Demiris, G., Courtney, K., Meyer, W. (2007). Current status and perceived needs of information technology in critical access hospitals: A survey study. Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics, 15(1), 4551 Fallman, D. (2008) The interaction design research triangle of design practice, design studies, and design exploration, Design Issues, 24(3), 418 Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232255 Suwaryo, J., Daryanto, H. K. K., Maulana, A. (2016). Organizational culture change and its effect on change readiness through organizational commitment. Bisnis Birokrasi Journal, 22(1), 124126. Weiner, B. J., Amick, H., Lee, S. . D. (2008). Review: Conceptualization and measurement of organizational readiness for change: A review of the literature in health services research and other fields. Medical Care Research and Review, 65(4), 379436. Weiner, B. J., Amick, H., Lee, S. . D. (2008). Review: Conceptualization and measurement of organizational readiness for change: A review of the literature in health services research and other fields. Medical Care Research and Review, 65(4), 379436. Weiner, B. J., Lewis, M. A., Linnan, L. A. (2008). Using organization theory to understand the determinants of effective implementation of worksite health promotion programs.Health Education Research,24(2), 292305.